Year: 2024

The Monetary Authority takes disciplinary action against DBS Bank (Hong Kong) Limited for contraventions of the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Ordinance

The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) announced today (5 July) that it had completed an investigation and disciplinary proceedings for DBS Bank (Hong Kong) Limited (DBSHK) under the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Ordinance (Chapter 615 of the Laws of Hong Kong) (AMLO) (Note 1). The Monetary Authority (MA) has imposed a pecuniary penalty of HK$10,000,000 against DBSHK for contraventions of the AMLO.The disciplinary action (Note 2) follows an investigation by the HKMA on DBSHK’s systems and controls for compliance with the AMLO. The control deficiencies identified in the investigation relate to DBSHK’s failure to continuously monitor business relationships and…

The EBA issues ‘travel rule’ guidance to tackle money laundering and terrorist financing in transfers of funds and crypto assets

The European Banking Authority (EBA) issued today new Guidelines on the so-called ‘travel rule’, i.e. the information that should accompany transfers of funds and certain crypto assets. This rule will help tackle the abuse of such transfers for money laundering and terrorist financing purposes. The Guidelines specify which information should accompany a transfer of funds or crypto assets and also list the steps that payment service providers (PSPs), intermediary PSPs (IPSPs), crypto-asset service providers (CASPs) and intermediary CASPs (ICASPs) should take to detect missing or incomplete information, and what they should do if a transfer of funds or a transfer…

Ten years after an ICIJ exposé, Danish authorities charge Nordea bank with money laundering violations

Danish authorities last week indicted Finland-based Nordea, one of Northern Europe’s largest banks, for violating anti-money laundering laws by failing to stop $3.7 billion of suspicious transactions involving Russian clients, shortcomings previously exposed by an International Consortium of Investigative Journalists’ investigation a decade ago. The indictment, by the Danish Special Crime Unit (NSK), covers transactions that took place from 2012 to 2015 and is the result of an investigation that lasted nearly eight years. “Nordea failed to adequately investigate the bank’s Russian customers’ transactions and ignored warnings about transactions to exchange offices in Copenhagen,” the NSK said in a statement.…

StanChart loses bid to cut US sanctions breach claims from UK lawsuit

Standard Chartered on Monday lost a bid to cut from a London lawsuit allegations that it broke U.S. sanctions against Iran in a more widespread way than it has previously admitted. More than 200 investors are suing Standard Chartered at London’s High Court for allegedly untrue statements about its sanctions non-compliance between 2007 and 2019. The lawsuit comes after the London-based bank agreed to pay $1.1 billion in 2019 to U.S. and British authorities over transactions which breached sanctions against Iran and other countries. The 2019 deal extended by two years a 2012 deferred prosecution agreement with Standard Chartered, under…

CFTC Orders Trafigura to Pay $55 Million for Fraud, Manipulation and Impeding Communications with the CFTC

The Commodity Futures Trading Commission today issued an order simultaneously filing and settling charges against Trafigura Trading LLC, a global commodities merchant with its principal place of business in Houston, Texas, for multiple violations of the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) and associated CFTC regulations. The order requires Trafigura to pay a $55 million civil monetary penalty and implement certain remedial measures to ensure future compliance with the CEA. The order includes three violations:   “As reflected in today’s Order, Trafigura misappropriated material non-public information and engaged in manipulative conduct that affected published benchmark rates,” said Director of Enforcement Ian McGinley.  “This…

FINMA proceedings: HSBC Private Bank (Suisse) SA violated money laundering regulations

HSBC Private Bank (Suisse) SA breached its obligations in the prevention of money laundering in connection with two politically exposed persons and thereby seriously violated financial market law. This was established in the context of enforcement proceedings by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA, which has imposed measures to ensure that compliance with the law is restored. The decision orders that, until these measures have been implemented in full, the bank may not enter into any new business relationships with politically exposed persons. In December 2021, FINMA opened enforcement proceedings against HSBC Private Bank (Suisse) SA in connection with…

Drug Traffickers Producing More Cocaine in Europe: EU Report

Some cocaine production has shifted from Latin America to Europe, as criminal groups explore new trafficking methods and authorities boost transatlantic cooperation, according to the latest EU drug report. Both drug seizures and drug use keep increasing in Europe, according to findings published by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) on June 11.  “While seizures are up, purity remains high, and prices are stable, showing that huge amounts of cocaine are available,” Ylva Johansson, European Commissioner for Home Affairs, said during the launch of the drug report. Cocaine Production Expands in Europe Traditionally, traffickers turned coca…

Combatting corruption: Council adopts position on EU law

In order to step up efforts in the fight against corruption, the Council today agreed its position on an EU law that sets minimum standards for the definition and sanctioning of corruption offences, preventive measures and rules for more effective investigation and prosecution. The law’s main novelty is that, for the first time at EU level, it brings together in one legal act rules on corruption in the public and private sectors. Paul Van Tigchelt, Belgian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice and the North Sea Corruption corrodes trust in the public sector, harms the economy and damages the…

‘Sanctions hole’: how secretive routes supply Russia with western tech and consumer goods

Since Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine, the west has imposed thousands of sanctions on Russia, and handed it the dubious distinction of being the most heavily sanctioned country on Earth. Targeting everything from the finances of individuals to the major industries of its economy, international sanctions have aimed to isolate Russian consumers, with major brands such as Apple and McDonald’s ceasing their operations in the country. But two years on, Russia’s economy is showing surprising resilience and is forecast to grow faster than most of the world’s advanced economies, although experts say that it is unsustainable in the long term.…

Money laundering gang jailed over £1.2m IT fraud

Five people who helped launder the proceeds of a £1.2m computer scam have been jailed. The fraud targeted elderly and vulnerable people, tricking them into paying out thousands of pounds each to fix non-existent IT problems. Between May 2015 and November 2019 the gang transferred £1,289,837 to two brothers based in India, who had been posing as representatives of HP, Microsoft Norton and Epson to defraud their victims. Amanda Grigg, 66, of Truro, Gena Harrington, 39, of Birmingham, Bindu Devasia, 49, of Kent, Nicholas Alcide, 40, of Birmingham, and Jose Kuriakose, 50, of Kent, were sentenced at Leeds Crown Court…

FinCEN’s 2023 Report Highlights Robust Compliance Enforcement and the Power of Financial Data in Fighting Crime

The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) has released its Year in Review for Fiscal Year 2023, underscoring the critical role of regulatory compliance and enforcement in safeguarding the U.S. financial system. The report showcases how the bureau leverages the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) data to combat money laundering, terrorism financing, and other financial crimes, while holding non-compliant entities accountable. In FY 2023, FinCEN’s enforcement actions resulted in four civil money penalties totaling $60,780,829. These penalties serve as a stark reminder to financial institutions of the cost of non-compliance with BSA regulations. The message is clear: failure to adhere to reporting…

Moldova Arrests Officials For Helping Criminals Bypass Interpol Red Notices

Moldova detained Tuesday four allegedly corrupt officials tied to an international conspiracy that has allowed criminals to escape Red Notice arrest warrants issued by Interpol. The officials are believed to have accepted bribes totalling several million U.S. dollars in exchange for offering criminals safe harbor in Moldova from Red Notices issued in their names, or for deleting the arrest warrants altogether. Moldova’s Anti-corruption Prosecution Office ordered raids on 33 locations to seek out and detain the suspects, as part of a multilateral investigation that includes federal authorities across the U.K., the U.S., France, and Spain. The conspiracy was revealed by the U.S.…

Singapore Unveils Updated Risk Assessment on Money Laundering

Singapore recently published its updated Money Laundering (ML) National Risk Assessment (NRA). This comprehensive assessment, a collaborative effort involving supervisory and law enforcement agencies, the Suspicious Transaction Reporting Office (STRO), private sector entities, and international counterparts, synthesizes the current ML risks facing the nation. Since the last assessment in 2014, Singapore has been diligently monitoring money laundering risks, conducting thematic assessments on the misuse of legal persons, virtual assets, and environmental crime. These efforts ensure timely identification and mitigation of risks by relevant stakeholders. Exposure Due to Economic Openness Singapore’s status as a global financial center and trading hub exposes it to…

Banana giant held liable for funding paramilitaries

A court in the United States has found multinational fruit company Chiquita Brands International liable for financing a Colombian paramilitary group. The group, the United Self-Defence Forces of Colombia (AUC), was designated by the US as a terrorist organisation at the time. Following a civil case brought by eight Colombian families whose relatives were killed by the AUC, Chiquita has been ordered to pay $38.3m (£30m) in damages to the families. Chiquita said in a statement that it intended to appeal against the jury’s verdict, arguing that there was “no legal basis for the claims”. The jury in the case,…

EU ushers in new anti-money laundering era

The EU is revolutionising its approach to money laundering and the financing of terrorism with the creation of a new bloc-wide body and a raft of new regulations. In a decisive move designed to beef up its defences against the ever-present scourge of , on Thursday (19 June) the European Union unveiled its comprehensive Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) legislative package. The package, which was formally adopted by the European Parliament in May, establishes a new EU Anti-Money Laundering Authority (AMLA) and introduces stricter regulations aimed at enhancing transparency and accountability across the financial system. The new…

Epoch Times CFO charged in $67m money-laundering plot

The chief financial officer of the Epoch Times news outlet has been arrested over his alleged involvement in a massive money-laundering scheme.  Federal prosecutors allege that Bill Guan, 61, participated in a global plot to launder at least $67m (£52m) of illegal cash to benefit himself and the Epoch Times. According to the indictment, Mr Guan led the outlet’s “Make Money Online” team, which used cryptocurrency to purchase tens of millions worth of crime proceeds.  Mr Guan has not yet entered a plea. If convicted, he could spend more than 30 years in prison.  In a statement on Monday evening,…

New UK sanctions to crack down on Putin’s war machine

UK announces 50 new sanctions designations and specifications to degrade Putin’s war machine, in co-ordinated action with G7 partners to support Ukraine.  New targets include ships in Putin’s shadow fleet, institutions at the heart of Russia’s financial system and suppliers supporting Russia’s military production.   These new sanctions, announced while the Prime Minister attends the G7 Leaders Summit in Italy, will bear down on Russia’s ability to fund and equip its war machine and show the UK’s steadfast support for Ukraine. Today’s action includes the UK’s first sanctions targeting vessels in Putin’s shadow fleet, used by Russia to circumvent UK and…

Fiji’s former Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama jailed for a year

Frank Bainimarama, who was Fiji’s prime minister for some 15 years until losing power in 2022, has been jailed for a year after he was found guilty of using his position to shut down a corruption investigation into a prominent university. Once armed forces chief, Bainimarama seized power in a 2006 coup and later won democratic elections in 2014 and 2018. The 70-year-old narrowly lost the December 2022 election to a coalition of parties led by the current prime minister, Sitiveni Rabuka, but remains a popular figure. Outside the court in Suva on Thursday, a crowd of supporters gathered ahead…

Bribery Rocks Russian Defense Ministry, Senior Officials Detained

Russian authorities detained a senior Defense Ministry official, alleging his involvement in a large-scale bribery scheme exceeding 100 million Russian rubles (just over US$1 million), the Russian Investigative Committee stated Tuesday on its Telegram channel.The Main Investigation Department of the Committee (Следственный комитет Российской Федерации – SLEDKOM) said it has opened “a criminal case against the head of the personnel department of the Defense Ministry, Yury Kuznetsov.”“The investigation reveals that between 2021 and 2023, while serving as the head of the 8th Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, Kuznetsov allegedly accepted bribes from representatives of commercial…

Treasury Unveils 2024 Strategy to Combat Illicit Finance Amid Evolving Threats

The U.S. Department of the Treasury today issued its 2024 National Strategy for Combating Terrorist and Other Illicit Financing, outlining the government’s priorities to disrupt money laundering, terrorist financing, and other financial crimes. The 2024 Strategy provides a comprehensive blueprint to address key illicit finance risks identified in recent national risk assessments, including large-scale fraud, ransomware attacks, the opioid crisis, terrorism, corruption, and exploitation of new financial technologies. “In this critical moment for our national and economic security, we need to continue to close the pathways that illicit actors seek to exploit for their schemes,” Under Secretary of the Treasury…

Singapore Money Laundering Suspects Invested Huge Sums in Dubai Property

Three people arrested in a raid on an alleged money laundering ring in Singapore invested over $30 million in Dubai real estate, leaked data reveals. One of the suspects, who was wanted in China at the time, was behind a property broker that became a major sales agent for the city’s largest real estate developer, part-owned by Dubai’s ruler. Key FindingsSu Jianfeng, in detention in Singapore awaiting trial for charges of money laundering and fraud, is an owner of Dubai-based broker Fidu Properties DMCC. That firm was part of the Fidu Property Real Estate Brokerage, a top partner for Emaar…

Canada’s anti-money laundering agency imposes $6.7 mln fine on TD Bank

May 2 (Reuters) – Canada’s anti-money laundering agency said on Thursday it had imposed its biggest-ever penalty of nearly C$9.2 million ($6.71 million) on TD Bank (TD.TO) The bank has been grappling with regulatory probes over its AML compliance program both at home and in the United States, which have been a drag on the stock’s performance.The Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (FINTRAC) said the administrative monetary penalty on TD Bank was imposed on April 9 following a compliance examination in 2023. FINTRAC said it found that TD Bank had failed to submit suspicious transaction reports as…

Audit Firm BF Borgers and Owner Charged with Massive Fraud

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has leveled charges against audit firm BF Borgers and its owner, Benjamin F. Borgers. The SEC alleges “deliberate and systemic failures” by the firm to maintain compliance with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) in over 1,500 SEC filings. The SEC’s investigation revealed a pattern of misconduct, including false representations to clients about compliance with PCAOB standards, fabrication of audit documentation, and misleading statements in audit reports included in more than 500 public company SEC filings. As part of the settlement, BF Borgers agreed to pay a substantial $12 million civil penalty, with…

AUSTRAC and SkyCity agree to proposed $67 million penalty

SkyCity Adelaide Pty Ltd (SkyCity) and AUSTRAC have filed joint submissions with the Federal Court of Australia, proposing a $67 million penalty over the casino’s contravention of the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 (AML/CTF Act). A court hearing has been set down for 7 June 2024, at which Justice Lee will consider the parties’ proposed settlement. While AUSTRAC and SkyCity agree that a $67 million penalty is appropriate in all the circumstances, it is a matter for the court to determine the appropriate penalty. In reaching this agreement, SkyCity has admitted that it operated in contravention of the…

Nearly 40% of dirty money is laundered in London and UK crown dependencies

Deputy foreign secretary urges Cayman and British Virgin Islands to implement UK law requiring public registers of funds Nearly 40% of the dirty money in the world is going through the City of London and other crown dependencies, the UK’s deputy foreign secretary has said. Andrew Mitchell added the crown dependencies and overseas territories will face fresh demands from the Foreign Office to comply with UK laws setting up public registers of beneficial share ownership. Since legislation was passed in the House of Commons in 2016 the UK has faced prevarication from overseas territories which are reluctant to set up…

Fraud rife on secondhand marketplaces Depop, Preloved and Shpock

Consumers have been encouraged to be vigilant when shopping online after research showed fraud was rife on secondhand marketplaces, with Depop, Shpock and Preloved named the worst sites, and problems also discovered with industry giants Amazon and eBay. A survey of 1,300 buyers by Which?, the consumer champion, found that 32% had been scammed on a secondhand marketplace in the two years to January. The most common ruse involved consumers receiving incorrect goods or nothing at all, while others were delivered an empty package or counterfeit goods. The survey comes as an international investigation by the Guardian, Die Zeit and…

FINTRAC imposes an administrative monetary penalty on Binance Holdings Limited

FINTRAC announced today that it has imposed an administrative monetary penalty on Binance Holdings Limited, also operating as Binance Holdings (IE) Ltd., Binance.com, Binance Global and Binance. This foreign money services business was imposed an administrative monetary penalty of $6,002,000 on May 7, 2024 for non-compliance with Part 1 of the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act and its associated Regulations. Binance Holdings Limited was found to have committed the following administrative violations: Quote “Canada’s Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorist Financing Regime is in place to protect the safety of Canadians and the security of Canada’s economy. FINTRAC will continue…

Urgent action needed to fight money laundering and terrorist financing, say heads of FATF, INTERPOL and UNODC

Vienna (Austria), 13 May 2024 – Countries need to urgently step up their efforts to target the huge illicit profits generated by transnational organized crime that facilitate conflicts, fund terrorism, and negatively impact vulnerable populations.This was the unprecedented call to action from the heads of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), INTERPOL and the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in Vienna today at a high-level side event on the first day of the 33rd session of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ).By focussing on the proceeds of crime and the illicit financial networks behind them,…

Chinese takeaway worker Jian Wen jailed for money laundering after £3bn Bitcoin seizure

A former Chinese takeaway worker found guilty of money laundering after police seized more than £3bn worth of Bitcoin has been jailed for more than six years. Jian Wen, 42, came to the attention of police when she tried to buy some of London’s most expensive properties, including a £23.5m seven-bedroom Hampstead mansion with a swimming pool and a nearby £12.5m home with a cinema and gym. The investigation led to the UK’s biggest-ever cryptocurrency seizure when more than 61,000 Bitcoin were discovered in digital wallets. The cryptocurrency was worth £1.4bn at the time but its value has now risen…

NCA secures first Unexplained Wealth Order in Northern Ireland

The National Crime Agency (NCA) has secured the first Unexplained Wealth Order in Northern Ireland against a man suspected of involvement in serious organised crime. The Order compels the man and his wife to explain the source of funds used to construct a property in County Armagh worth approximately £275,000. It was obtained at the High Court in Belfast on Friday (17 May) as part of an ongoing NCA civil recovery investigation.                           NCA investigators believe that the man, who is now resident in the Republic of Ireland, has…

ACCA report reveals the hidden cost of bribery for SMEs

A new report from the Association of Chartered Accountants (ACCA) has revealed the pervasive impact of bribery and corruption on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) worldwide. The report’s research, titled Bribery and corruption: The hidden social evil on your doorstep, underscores the urgent need for increased transparency and robust regulatory frameworks to combat these issues. It shows a high prevalence and deep concern about the damaging impact of bribery and corruption on SMEs, with more than half (59%) of SMEs and their advisers believing that standing up to bribery and corruption will cost them business trade or opportunities. The UK…

New EU rules criminalising the violation of EU sanctions enter into force

As from 19 May, new rules to harmonise criminal offences and penalties for the violation of EU restrictive measures enter into force. The new rules will ensure that such violations can be criminally investigated and prosecuted in all Member States. They include a list of criminal offences related to the violation and circumvention of EU sanctions, such as for example: failing to freeze assets; breaching travel bans and arms embargoes; providing prohibited or restricted economic and financial services, transferring funds that should be frozen to a third party or providing false information to conceal funds that should be frozen. The…

German regulator fines Commerzbank over anti-money laundering non-compliance

German financial watchdog BaFin has ordered Commerzbank (CBKG.DE) to pay a fine of 1.45 million euros ($1.55 million) for breaching its anti-money laundering duties, the regulator said on Monday. “Commerzbank AG and the former comdirect Bank AG, of which Commerzbank AG is the universal successor, had breached their supervisory duties,” said the regulator in a statement. According to BaFin, the bank did not update customer data on time and did not provide proper security measures, which resulted in inadequate due diligence in three cases, thus violating its anti-money laundering obligations. Commerzbank said on Monday it has reworked due diligence and…

Lloyds Bank issues urgent warning over Taylor Swift ticket scams

Fans of Taylor Swift are being targeted by a wave of concert ticket scams flooding social media, as the global music icon prepares to tour the UK for the first time in six years this summer.Analysis by Lloyds Bank of scam reports made by its own customers found a surge in fraud cases from those buying tickets for the star’s upcoming – and sold out – Eras Tour. Since tickets went on sale in July last year, more than 600 customers have come forward to report being scammed, significantly more than for any other music artist. The average amount lost…

US Department of Treasury Imposes Targeted Sanctions on Iran

The Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) has announced targeted sanctions against multiple individuals and entities involved in Iran’s UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) program, steel industry, and automobile sector. The sanctions aim to disrupt Iran’s UAV production capabilities, particularly focusing on engine types powering Iran’s Shahed variant UAVs, which were utilized in the April 13 attack on Israel. These actions are directed towards individuals and entities facilitating Iran’s UAV production arm, including Kimia Part Sivan Company (KIPAS) and other Iranian UAV manufacturers. Additionally, OFAC is designating five companies across various jurisdictions involved in supplying component materials…

FINRA orders Barclays unit to pay $700K over conflicts of interest

A Barclays unit agreed to pay $700,000 to settle allegations levied by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) that its research analysts violated conflict-of-interest rules and the firm failed to sufficiently supervise their trades. Barclays Capital agreed to be censured and pay the fine in reaching settlement, according to a FINRA order issued Friday. Barclays failed to identify and disclose 99 instances of its research analysts holding stock in a company in which they published a report and three instances of research analysts trading in their brokerage accounts in a manner inconsistent with published recommendations, FINRA alleged. The details: From…

Crypto.com Postpones South Korea Launch After Reports of Money Laundering Probe

Justice Department’s First Cryptocurrency Open-Market Manipulation CaseA federal jury in New York convicted a man residing in Puerto Rico today of commodities fraud, commodities market manipulation, and wire fraud in connection with the manipulation on the Mango Markets decentralized cryptocurrency exchange. According to court documents and evidence presented at trial, Avraham Eisenberg, 28, engaged in a scheme to fraudulently obtain approximately $110 million worth of cryptocurrency from Mango Markets and its customers by artificially manipulating the price of certain perpetual futures contracts. “Avraham Eisenberg executed a manipulative trading scheme on a cryptocurrency exchange, defrauding the exchange and its investors out…

Ukraine’s agriculture minister suspected of corrupt land grab

Ukraine’s agriculture minister has been made a suspect in a corruption probe. Agriculture Minister Mykola Solsky pledged on Tuesday his full cooperation with Kyiv’s anticorruption agency as it investigates the illegal acquisition of state-owned land. The case is the first against a minister under President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. The post of agriculture minister is particularly sensitive given Kyiv’s efforts to maintain its massive grain exports – a vital economic pillar – in the face of Russia’s invasion. The National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (NABU) said it had uncovered a scheme led by a current minister to illegally acquire state-owned land worth…

SEC SEEKS $5.3 BILLION FINE FOR TERRAFORM AND CO-FOUNDER DO KWON

Federal regulators are pursuing a fine of $5.3 billion against Terraform Labs and its co-founder Do Kwon for defrauding investors, following a recent verdict that found them liable for a multi-billion-dollar fraud. Do-Kwan-Terraform-LabsIn a court filing, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requested that Kwon and Terraform pay $4.7 billion in disgorgement and interest for their involvement in the Terra-Luna collapse of 2022. Additionally, the SEC is seeking civil penalties of $420 million for Terraform and $100 million for Kwon. The SEC highlighted the need for a strong message to be sent, stating in the filing, “The Court should…

Man Convicted for $110M Cryptocurrency Scheme

Justice Department’s First Cryptocurrency Open-Market Manipulation CaseA federal jury in New York convicted a man residing in Puerto Rico today of commodities fraud, commodities market manipulation, and wire fraud in connection with the manipulation on the Mango Markets decentralized cryptocurrency exchange. According to court documents and evidence presented at trial, Avraham Eisenberg, 28, engaged in a scheme to fraudulently obtain approximately $110 million worth of cryptocurrency from Mango Markets and its customers by artificially manipulating the price of certain perpetual futures contracts. “Avraham Eisenberg executed a manipulative trading scheme on a cryptocurrency exchange, defrauding the exchange and its investors out…